In the context of constitutional amendments, what does the term "enumerated powers" refer to?

The term "enumerated powers" specifically refers to those authorities that are explicitly listed in the Constitution. This concept stems from Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which outlines the specific powers granted to Congress. These powers include the ability to levy taxes, regulate commerce, declare war, and maintain an army, among others. The clear identification of these powers is essential as it sets the boundaries for federal authority, ensuring that the government operates within limits laid out by the founding document.

This definition emphasizes the importance of having a written Constitution that clearly states which powers are granted to the government, providing a framework that helps maintain the rule of law and order in the federal system. Enumerated powers help prevent the federal government from overstepping its bounds, as any power not listed falls outside its jurisdiction unless implied or related to the execution of those powers.

In contrast, the other options refer to different aspects of federalism and the distribution of power. Implied powers are derived from the necessary and proper clause, denying powers pertain to restrictions placed on states, and powers shared pertain to the concurrent powers held by both state and federal governments. Each of these concepts plays a role in the broader understanding of federalism but does not specifically define